Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling approach for water treatment applications due to their unique physical characteristics and exceptional capability. These membrane structures, composed of ceramic materials, possess a large permeable surface to volume ratio, enabling efficient separation of c

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR efficiency is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The design of the module, including the type of membrane material, p