Hollow fiber membranes offer a compelling approach for water treatment applications due to their unique physical characteristics and exceptional capability. These membrane structures, composed of ceramic materials, possess a large permeable surface to volume ratio, enabling efficient separation of contaminants from water. The multilayered nature o

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment due to their potential to produce high-quality effluent. A key factor influencing MBR efficiency is the selection and optimization of the membrane module. The design of the module, including the type of membrane material, pore size, and surface area, directly impacts mass